ALCOHOL AND PHENOL

A.    IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICUM

1.Objectives          :-Learn some of the physical and chemical properties of alcohol and

  Phenol.

 -Distinguish between primary alcohols, secondary, and teriser.

2.Day, Date   : Wednesday, June 13, 2012.

3.Place           : Chemical Laboratory, Guidance and Counseling,

                          University of Mataram.

 

B.     BASIC OF THEORY

                  Alcohol is a compound such as water which one hydrogen is replaced by a hydrocarbon chain or ring. Physical properties of alcohol, alcohol has a boiling point higher than the number of alkane-alkane C atom is the same. This is due to the alcohol molecules form hydrogen bonds. Alcohol general formula R - OH, with R is an alkyl or cyclic alifatis well. In alcohol, the more branches of the lower boiling point. While in water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol soluble and only slightly soluble. Alcohol can be a thin and easily mixes with water in all comparisons (Brady, 1999:122).

                  Based on the location of appeasement terikatna-OH group at atom C. Alcohol can be divided into three, namely primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Primary alcohol that is if the-OH group attached to the primary C atom (C atom that binds one to another C atom directly). Secondary alcohol that is if the-OH group attached to the secondary C atom (C atom that binds directly to the other two C atoms). The tertiary alcohol that is if the-OH group attached to the tertiary C atoms (C atoms are directly tia fruit engikat C atom to another. Physically it would be difficult to distinguish between primary alcohols, secondary and tertiary. Because of the smell and color of all three can be said to be the same (Ghalib , 2010:84).

                  Phenol has a group like alcohol but the group will function directly attached to the aromatic ring. Tata name usually used common names with the suffix-ol. Phenol has the properties which have acidic properties. H atoms can be replaced not only by metals (such as alcohol, but also with a base, there phenolics. Nature of acid-phenol dar ifenol weak and phenolics can be described with carbonic acid. Easily oxidized, also by O₂ air and give substance color, reduced Fehling solution and Ag-beramoniak. Giving color reactions with FeCl₃. Having antiseptic properties, toxic, erodes, Ka = 1 X 10-10 (Riawan, 1990:158).

 

C.    EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

1.      Tool :

a.       Test tube

b.      Measuring glass

c.       Pipette drops

d.      Stopwatch

e.       Tube rack

2.      Ingredients            :

a.       Distilled water

b.      Solution of n-hexane

c.       Solution of Methanol

d.      Solution of Amyl alcohol

e.       Solution of phenol

f.       Solution of Na₂CO₃

g.      Solution of NaHCO₃

h.      FeCl₃solution

 

D.    HOW TO WORK

1.      Solubility in water and n-hexane

a.       2 pieces of prepared test tubes are clean and dry.

b.      Filled test tubes each with 0.5 ml of water and n-hexane.

c.       Into a test tube (1) and (2), added 1 drop of methanol.

d.      Shaken and solubility observed and recorded the results.

e.       Repeat steps ad using other alcohols by replacing methanol with amyl alcohol and phenol.

 

 

 

 

2.      Some reactions of alcohol and phenol

·         Reaction with Na₂CO₃and NaHCO₃

a.       Prepared three pieces of test tubes.

b.      A tube filled with amyl alcohol, the tube 2 is filled with phenol, tube 3 with acetic acid (for comparison) each 1 ml.

c.       Each test tube with 0.5 ml of Na₂CO₃ added.

d.      Shaken and left for 3-5 minutes.

e.       Note the change and note the results.

f.       Repeated measures by replacing Na₂CO₃ with NaHCO₃.

·         Reaction with FeCl₃

a.       Prepared three test tubes.

b.      Tube (1) filled with methanol, the tube (2) with amyl alcohol, and the tube (3) with phenol each 1 ml.

c.       Into each test tube add a few drops of FeCl₃.

d.      Note the change.

 

E.     RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS

(Attached)

 

F.     DATA ANALYSIS

1.      Solubility in water  and n-hexane

a.       methanol + water

       

b.      methanol + n-hexane

             

c.       amyl alcohol + water

d.      amyl alcohol + n-hexane

e.       phenol + water

    

f.       phenol + n-hexane

2.      Several reaction of alcohol and phenol

a.       Amyl alcohol + Na₂CO₃

                       

b.      Phenol + Na₂CO₃

       

c.       Acetic acid + Na₂CO₃

                   

d.      Amyl alcohol + NaHCO₃

           

e.       Phenol + NaHCO₃

     

f.       Acetic acid + NaHCO₃

                        

g.      Methanol + FeCl₃

 

h.      Amyl alcohol + FeCl₃

i.        Phenol + FeCl₃

G.    DISCUSSION

This experiment aims to study some physical and chemical properties of alcohols and phenols as well as differentiate between primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary. Alcohol is a group of organic compounds that are quite popular and in general molecular formula can be written as R-OH, with R, are alkyl groups and hydroxy groups,-OH, as a functional group. Based on the physical properties of alcohol is much higher boiling point of alkanes having the same C atom. This group can be an open chain, closed chain (cyclic) and can have a double bond or aromatic group binding. Derivatives and alkanes as well as water, alcohol can mimic the properties of both. Lower alcohols have properties that resemble the water because the hydroxyl group (-OH) took a larger part in the molecule. Whereas higher alcohol mainly on the properties of alkanes only slightly soluble in water. But more soluble in organic solvents. Phenol has a structure similar to alcohol but its function group attached directly to the aromatic ring, and with A-(for aryl) phenol then the formula is written as Ar-OH. In addition, phenolic compounds are more acidic than the alcohol nonaromatik due to the stability of the conjugate base formed on deprotonation.

From the solubility test was done on three samples, namely methanol, amyl alcohol, and phenol to the sample showed that methanol dissolves in water and soluble in n-hexane, while for the sample of amyl alcohol is not soluble in water and in n-hexane but for phenol soluble in water and insoluble in n-hexane. In the experimental solubility of methanol and phenol in distilled water and n-hekasan which time methanol is dissolved in water, forming a clear liquid which marks the methanol soluble in water, this occurs because methanol has to be on the hydrolysis of compounds in the water completely. In the phenol-containing aromatic ring so that the phenol has a pungent odor. From the observations is known that phenol is soluble in water in accordance with the theory. And methanol samples are slightly polar and polar samples are phenol, because the water-soluble (polar compounds). As for the non-polar nature of methanol as well because it is soluble in n-hexane (non polar). It can be seen also, alcohol and phenol dikanan, having a short chain C, because the alcohol chain length C will be more difficult to dissolve in water such as amyl alcohol. For amyl alcohol solubility in water occurs two distinct phases between polar and non polar. The occur of  two phases because of differences in specific gravity between the two compounds.

In the reaction of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ experimental results obtained are insoluble in amyl alcohol Na₂CO₃ and produces two phases of the oil phase and water phase. This phase difference is due to differences in specific gravity of the two compounds. So is the case when amyl alcohol is reacted with NaHCO₃ based on theory but also should not soluble in amyl alcohol at the time the experiment was mixed with NaHCO₃ both mixed. As with the phenol and acetic acid. In theory, both compounds are capable of when reacted with Na₂CO₃and NaHCO₃ able to dissolve in it. Acetic acid is used here for comparison. Acetic acid reacts with Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃as phenol for acetic acid is a weak acid, such as phenol. But on trial for phenols when reacted with Na₂CO₃ or NaHCO₃ is formed by two layers are not mixed with each other. Incompatibility results obtained with the existing theory can be caused by errors in praktikan are not careful observations.

In the experimental results obtained by the reaction with FeCl₃ when amyl alcohol is reacted with FeCl₃ insoluble in FeCl₃. If amyl alcohol in reaksikan with FeCl₃ to form two phases, wherein the first phase, on the surface of the amyl alcohol, and in the second phase is FeCl₃. Methanol and phenols when reacted with FeCl₃ will dissolve in FeCl₃. Methanol to form a yellow solution and phenol to form a solution of concentrated purple. This indicates that phenol is more acidic than methanol.

 

 

H.    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1.      Conclusion
Based on the objectives, observation and discussion it can be concluded :

a.       From the results of solubility test, obtained that methanol is less polar and non polar because it is soluble in water (polar compounds) and n-hexane (non polar compounds), while phenol is polar because it is soluble in water while the amyl alcohol-insoluble both in water and n-hexane.

b.      Amil alcohol can not dissolve in Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃, while phenol and acetic acid can dissolve in Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃.

c.       Amil alcohol can not dissolve in methanol and phenol whereas FeCl₃ able to dissolve in FeCl₃.

2.      Suggestions : -

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Brady, James E. Of 1999. University Chemistry Principles and Structure Volume 1. Jakarta : Binarupa script.

 

Ghalib, Achmad Kholish. 2010. Book Smart Chemistry. New York: Powerbooks.

Riawan, S. 1990. Organic Chemistry. Jakarta: Binarupa script.